ABSTRACT Objective: Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is less frequent but has a worse prognosis than papillary carcinoma. The available evidence on pre-operative characteristics of FTC is controversial. Our objective was to characterize the clinical, ultrasound and histopathological presentation of FTC patients treated Chile. Subjects and methods: Retrospective analysis of 97 patients treated for FTC in 6 large centers in Chile. We analyzed their ultrasonographic features and classified the nodules according to ATA risk of malignancy and TI-RADS score, as well as the cytological findings according to the Bethesda system. We described their clinical and histopathological findings at diagnosis and classified their risk of recurrence and mortality according to ATA 2015 recurrence risk category and the eighth edition of the AJCC/UICC staging system, respectively. Results: Median age was 48 years and 73.2% were females. The median diameter was 38.8 mm; only 9.5% of them were microtumors. According to ATA risk of malignancy, 86% of the nodules were low or intermediate suspicious, while 78% were category 3 or 4A nodules according to the TI-RADS. Regarding the Bethesda system, 65.9% had indeterminate cytology (20.6% category III and 45.3% category IV). At histological examination, most were minimally-invasive and angio-invasive tumors with less than 4 foci (54.7% and 28.4% respectively). More than 90% of FTC were unifocal and there was no lymphovascular or extrathyroidal invasion or lymph node involvement. Four patients (4.1%) had distant metastases at diagnosis. Most patients (95%) had stage I or II disease according to the AJCC/UICC staging system, while the risk of recurrence was low at 51.5% when using the ATA risk of recurrence scale. Conclusions: At diagnosis, most FTCs were nodules of low or intermediate suspicion at ultrasound, nearly two thirds had indeterminate cytology according to the Bethesda system, and nearly 50% of them were of low risk of recurrence.

RESUMO Introdução: As arboviroses constituem um grave problema de saúde no Peru. Maior conhecimento e participação da população em atividades preventivas podem minimizar seu impacto. Objetivo: avaliar o nível de conhecimento e sua relação com medidas preventivas sobre arboviroses em estudantes universitários em uma área endêmica do Peru, de setembro a novembro de 2020. Método: Estudo observacional, transversal, correlacional com desenho não experimental foi realizado. A população foi composta por 325 estudantes de tecnologia médica e a amostra por 176 estudantes de ambos os sexos. O nível de conhecimento foi categorizado em deficiente, regular e alto. Enquanto as medidas preventivas foram classificadas como adequadas e inadequadas. O questionário continha 23 questões de múltipla escolha, validadas por julgamento de especialistas. Resultados: 69,9% dos alunos apresentaram nível regular de conhecimento, observando medidas preventivas inadequadas em 44,3%. 92,0% dos pesquisados consideraram que as arboviroses são doenças graves, mas apenas 10,2% reconheceram o sinal de alerta do Zika. As principais medidas preventivas foram: fumigação (50,6%) e uso de repelentes (49,6%). Além disso, 92,6% dos alunos consideraram importante eliminar os criadouros do mosquito para evitar a propagação de arboviroses. No entanto, apenas 51,1% verificaram a presença de criadouros e limparam suas casas diariamente e em dias alternados (43,8%). Conclusões: O nível de conhecimento foi regular e relacionado a medidas preventivas inadequadas, como não verificar com frequência a presença de criadouros do mosquito ou limpeza das residências.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Arbovirus infections are a serious health problem in Peru. Higher population awareness and their participation in preventive activities can minimize their impact. Objective: Assessment on the level of knowledge and its relationship with preventive measures concerning arbovirus infections in university students in an endemic area of Peru, September to November 2020. Method: An observational, cross-sectional, correlational and non-experimental design study was carried out. The population consisted of 325 medical technology students and the sample consisted of 176 students of both sexes. The level of knowledge was categorized as deficient, regular and high. Preventive measures were classified as adequate and inadequate. The questionnaire contained 23 multiple-choice questions, validated by expert judgment. Results: The knowledge level in 69.9% of the students was fair, and inadequate preventive measures were observed in 44.3%. The 92.0% of surveyed personnel considered the arbovirus infection as a serious disease, but only 10.2% recognized the warning sign of zika. The main preventive measures were: fumigation (50.6%) and the use of repellents (49.6%). In addition, 92.6% of students considered as an important action the act to eliminate mosquito breeding sites in order to prevent the spread of infection. However, only 51.1% checked for the presence of breeding sites and cleaned their homes on a daily and inter-daily basis (43.8%). Conclusions: The level of knowledge was regular and was related to inadequate preventive measures such as not frequently checking for the presence of mosquito breeding sites and not cleaning houses.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las arbovirosis constituyen un grave problema sanitario en el Perú. Un mayor conocimiento y participación de la población en actividades preventivas puede minimizar su impacto. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de conocimientos y su relación con las medidas preventivas sobre arbovirosis en estudiantes universitarios de una zona endémica del Perú, septiembre a noviembre de 2020. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, correlacional y con diseño no experimental. La población estuvo conformada por 325 estudiantes de tecnología médica y la muestra por 176 estudiantes de ambos sexos. El nivel de conocimiento se categorizó en deficiente, regular y alto. Mientras que las medidas preventivas se clasificaron en adecuadas e inadecuadas. El cuestionario contenía 23 preguntas de opción múltiple, validadas por juicio de expertos. Resultados: El 69,9 % de los estudiantes presentó un nivel de conocimientos regular, observándose medidas preventivas inadecuadas en el 44,3 %. Un 92,0 % de encuestados consideró que las arbovirosis son enfermedades graves, pero solo 10,2 % reconoció el signo de alarma del zika. Las principales medidas preventivas fueron: la fumigación (50,6 %) y el uso de repelentes (49,6 %). Además, el 92,6 % de estudiantes consideró importante eliminar los criaderos de mosquitos para evitar la propagación de los arbovirus. Sin embargo, solo el 51,1 % revisó la presencia de criaderos y limpió diaria e interdiariamente su domicilio (43,8 %). Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimientos fue regular y se relacionó con medidas preventivas inadecuadas como no revisar frecuentemente la presencia de criaderos de mosquitos ni realizar limpieza en las viviendas.

Resumen Este artículo se propone aportar nuevos antecedentes, empíricos y conceptuales, sobre la teoría y la práctica de Paulo Freire en Chile. Se trata de una reflexión a partir de una investigación documental sobre los años que Freire vivió exiliado en Chile. Basada en la mejor evidencia disponible, argumentaré que la relevancia y trascendencia que adquirieron las ideas filosóficas y el método pedagógico de Paulo Freire, tanto en América Latina como en su proyección global, se deben, por una parte, a su inserción en contextos que favorecieron su adaptación a diversas situaciones sociales, incidiendo positivamente en una renovación de políticas y prácticas para mejorar la pertinencia y relevancia de los programas de alfabetización y educación de adultos; por otra, a la renovación de metodologías pedagógicas para mejorar la calidad, equidad y efectividad de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Hallazgos y conclusiones están enteramente basados en investigaciones históricas y testimonios que dan cuenta del significado que, los años en Chile, tuvieron en el ideario y prácticas de este educador, ahora universal.

Abstract This article aims to provide new empirical and conceptual background on the theory and practice of Paulo Freire in Chile. The reflection is based on a documentary investigation on the years that Freire lived in exile in Chile. Based on the best available evidence, I will argue that the relevance and significance that the philosophical ideas and pedagogical method of Paulo Freire acquired, both in Latin America and in its global projection, are due, on one hand, to their insertion in contexts that favored its adaptation to various social situations, positively influencing a renewal of policies and practices to improve the relevance and relevance of literacy and adult education programs; on the other, to the renewal of pedagogical methodologies to improve the quality, equity, and effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes. Findings and conclusions are entirely based on historical research and testimonies that account for the significance that the years in Chile had on the ideology and practices of this universal educator.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo fornecer novos fundamentos empíricos e conceituais sobre a teoria e a prática de Paulo Freire no Chile. É uma reflexão a partir de uma investigação documental sobre os anos que Freire viveu exilado no Chile. Com base nas melhores evidências disponíveis, argumentamos que a relevância e o significado que as ideias filosóficas e o método pedagógico de Paulo Freire adquiriram, tanto na América Latina quanto em sua projeção global, se devem, por um lado, à sua inserção em contextos que favoreceram sua adaptação às diversas situações sociais, influenciando positivamente na renovação de políticas e práticas para melhorar a relevância e relevância dos programas de alfabetização e educação de adultos; de outro, à renovação das metodologias pedagógicas para melhorar a qualidade, a equidade e a eficácia dos processos de ensino e aprendizagem. As descobertas e conclusões são inteiramente baseadas em pesquisas históricas e testemunhos que dão conta do significado que os anos no Chile tiveram na ideologia e nas práticas deste educador agora universal.

Resumen Objetivo principal: Proponer una teoría de rango medio de enfermería para dar explicación al fenómeno del estrés de aculturación que presenta el inmigrante hispano durante su transición en los Estados Unidos de América. Metodología: Se efectuó la metodología de derivación teórica de Jacqueline Fawcett. Resultados principales: La teoría pone de manifiesto los factores personales, sociales y del entorno que impiden la transición del inmigrante hispano en los Estados Unidos de América, además expone un conjunto de proposiciones para el logro de una transición saludable. Conclusión principal: La teoría de la transición saludable contribuye al diseño de intervenciones de enfermería en el proceso de cambio de una cultura, para el logro, adopción y dominio de estrategias personales, sociales y del entorno, que contribuyan en la obtención de una transición saludable en el país receptor.

Abstract Objective: To propose a middle-range nursing theory to explain the phenomenon of acculturation stress that the Hispanic immigrant presents during their transition to the United States of America. Methods: The theory derivation methodology of Jacqueline Fawcett was carried out. Results: The theory reveals the personal, social and environmental factors that impede the transition of the Hispanic immigrant in the United States of America. In addition, this theory exposes a set of propositions for the achievement of a healthy transition. Conclusions: The theory of healthy transition contributes to the design of nursing interventions in the process of changing a culture, for the achievement, adoption and mastery of personal, social and environmental strategies that contribute to obtaining a healthy transition in the host country.

This research explored the barriers in pedagogical relationships barriers that impact the learning of students living in poverty and that emerge from the voices of preschool, elementary, and special education teachers. The study's objective was to contribute to pre-service and in-service teacher education. A qualitative exploratory design was used individual and group interviews were conducted, and analysis showed that teachers refer to four aspects of students living in poverty: their limited views and expectations; homogeneous views; tensions concerning pedagogical knowledge and teacher identity; and cultural differences. The conclusion is that the main barrier is related to teachers' beliefs, which exert pressure on the cultural encounter of the school and the students' contexts.

Esta investigación exploró las barreras en la relación pedagógica que impactan el aprendizaje de aprendices en situación de pobreza y que emergen de las voces de profesores y profesoras de educación parvularia, básica y especial, con el objeto de contribuir a su formación inicial y continua. Se utilizó un diseño exploratorio cualitativo por medio de entrevistas individuales y grupales. A partir del análisis realizado, se obtuvo que los profesores refieren a cuatro aspectos de los estudiantes en situación de pobreza: visión carenciada y expectativas limitadas; visión homogénea; tensiones del saber pedagógico e identidad del profesorado y discrepancias culturales. Finalmente se concluyó que la principal barrera se vincula con las creencias del profesorado, que tensionan el encuentro cultural entre la escuela y los contextos de los que provienen los estudiantes.

Systemic hypertension after kidney transplant (HAPT) has been associated with a reduction in graft survival and increased morbidity and mortalityof kidney transplant recipients. With the use of calcineurin inhibitors, prevalence of HAPT has increased to 60-80%. The purpose of this study was to document the prevalence of HAPT in kidney transplant recipients attending the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" associated risk factors and the effect of hypertension in long term graft survival. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical charts of all the patients that underwent kidney transplant from 1984 to 1994. The following risk factors were studied: age, gender, cause of renal failure, presence of hypertension before kidney transplant, histocompatibility, acute rejection episodes, chronic rejection, serum creatinine values and use of cyclosporine. We divided subjects in two groups: normotensive (NT) and hypertensive (HT). HAPT included >140/90 mmHg blood pressure level observed at least during two consecutive evaluations or the use of antihypertensive medication. We analyzed 215 grafts from 205 patients (10 patients had two kidney transplants); mean age at transplant of 30 ± 9 years, 131 subjects were female and 84 male. One hundred and eighty eight patients (88%) displayed pretransplant hypertension. The mean follow up was 56± 32 months. In the postransplant period 152 (71 %) were HT and 63 (29%) NT. The HT group had significantly higher blood pressure and serum creatinine values than the NT group (P <0.001), in spite of an adequate blood pressure control in 65% of the patients from the HT group. The NT group displayed a higher graft survival than the HT group; 60 ± 30 months vs. 51 ± 32 months respectively (p<0.01). Multivariate analysis did not show any risk factors independently associated with the development of HAPT. The prevalence of HAPT in our series is similar to the one reported in the literature. During the postransplant period there was a reduction of hypertensive patients (88% pretransplant vs. 71% postransplant). HAPT is a significant risk factor associated with long term survival of the graft.

La hipertensión arterial postrasplante renal (HAPT) se ha asociado con una disminución de la supervivencia del injerto renal y aumento de la morbilidad y mortalidad de los receptores de trasplante. La prevalencia de la HAPT es de 50% y con el uso de inhibidores de calcineurina se ha incrementado a 60-80%. Con el objeto de conocer la frecuencia de la HAPT en la población de pacientes del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán ", los factores de riesgo asociados a su desarrollo y el efecto de ésta en la supervivencia del injerto renal a largo plazo, se analizaron retrospec tivamente los expedientes de los pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal de 1984 a 1994. Los factores de riesgo analizados fueron: edad, género, causa de insuficiencia renal, hipertensión arterial pretrasplante, histocompatibilidad, presencia de episodios de rechazo agudo, presencia de rechazo crónico, creatinina sérica (CrS) y uso de Ciclosporina A. Se dividió a la población en dos grupos: normotensos (NT) e hipertensos (HT). Se definió HAPT como presión arterial (PA) > 140/90 mmHg por lo menos en dos visitas consecutivas o la utilización de tratamiento antihipertensivo. Se analizaron 215 seguimientos en 205 pacientes (10 pacientes con dos trasplantes), con edad al momento del trasplante de 30 ± 9 años y género masculino/femenino 131/84. Cursaron con hipertensión arterial pretrasplante 188 (88%). El seguimiento postrasplante promedio fue de 56 ± 32 meses. En el período postrasplante se encontraron 152 HT (71 %) y 63 (29%) NT. El grupo HT mostró una PA y CrS mayores que el grupo de NT (P <0.001) a pesar de contarse con un control antihipertensivo adecuado en 65% de los casos de HT. El grupo de NT tuvo mayor supervivencia del injerto que el grupo de HT, 60 ± 30 meses vs 51 ± 32 meses (p <0.01). El análisis multivariado de los diversos factores de riesgo estudiados no mostró alguna asociación independiente con el desarrollo de HAPT. La prevalencia de la HAPT en nuestro estudio es similar a lo informado en la literatura. En la etapa postrasplante disminuyó el porcentaje de pacientes hipertensos (88% pre vs 71% postrasplante). La presencia de HAPT constituye un factor de mal pronóstico para la supervivencia del injerto a largo plazo.

Una de las aplicaciones más recientes de las resinas reinforzadas con fibra de vidrio es su uso como sistemas de postes y muñones para restaurar dientes que hayan sido tratados endodónticamente. Estos nuevos postes endodónticos a base de resina reforzada con fibras pueden ser clasificados según su forma de presentación y tipo de fibra incluida en la matriz de resina. Hasta el presente, se han reportado dos tipos de postes hechos de estos nuevos materiales: 1) Postes prefabricados y 2) Postes individualizados. A su vez estos postes pueden contener fibras de carbón, vidrio o polietileno. Aunque el uso de las resinas reinforzadas con fibras como sistema restaurador para muñones artificiales ha sido promocionado por muchos fabricantes, existe escasa información científica que respalde el uso de estos materiales en la práctica odontológica. El objetivo principal de este artículo es proveer una revisión de la literatura publicada recientemente sobre estos materiales y su uso en la odontología como sistemas para postes y muñones artificiales.

One of the most recent applications of the fiber reinforced composite materials is their use as post and core systems to restore endodontically treated teeth. These new type of endodontic posts can be classified according to the fabrication, type of fiber and disposition of the fber into the resin matrix. Two different types of FRC post and core systems have been reported: 1) prefabricated posts and 2) customized. Prefabricated posts are endodontic posts designed and made by manufacturers to fit specific dimensions and diameters. Both carbon fiber and glass fiber post systems are commercially available. Customized post and core systems commonly involve the use of woven polyethylene or glass fibers that are pre-impregnated with an unfilled resin and then placed directly or indirectly into the canal. Even though this last application of FRC’s has been advertised and been used by many dentists, there is a lack of scientific evidence supporting the use of the material for this use in dentistry.